Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases, E1912-98 (2004) - ASTM, This guide covers an accelerated site characterization (ASC) approach to rapidly and accurately characterize a confirmed or suspected petroleum release site. ASTM standards can be purchased through their website. ASTM International Standards Worldwide Website
Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites, D6235-04 (2010) - ASTM, This practice describes expedited site characterization (ESC) for hazardous waste contaminated sites to identify vadose zone, ground water and other relevant contaminant migration pathways and determine the distribution, concentration, and fate of contaminants for the purpose of guiding a course of action. ASTM standards can be purchased through their website. ASTM International Standards Worldwide Website
Brownfields
Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations - USEPA EPA/542-R-00-001, The purpose of this document is to assist Brownfields decision makers during the procurement process as they interview vendors to determine their qualifications to provide streamlined and innovative strategies. Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations(204 KB)
Brownfields Grant Recipients' Road Map to Understanding Quality Assurance Project Plans - USEPA, This 2012 publication helps EPA Brownfields Assessment Grant recipients understand the importance of quality assurance (QA) in Brownfields site projects. Following QA principles for data collection and other aspects of site assessment will allow a Brownfields project to be completed more efficiently and effectively. This document provides an overview of EPA requirements for developing generic and site-specific quality assurance project plans (QAPPs) for these projects. It outlines a general process to help recipients oversee their environmental contractor’s efforts to develop QAPPs guiding the collection of appropriate data able to support decisions about protective future site reuse. Brownfields Grant Recipients' Road Map to Understanding Quality Assurance Project Plans(1.2 MB)
Brownfields Road Map Website - USEPA, This website covers all things related to EPA's involvement with Brownfields projects, including data quality and QAPPs, Brownfields conference presentation slides, and "green remediation." The latest edition of the Road Map (5th edition) can be downloaded as a pdf document, or the information it contains can be accessed using topical links within the website. The information presented is drawn from the EPA's many years of experience with brownfields sites, Superfund sites, corrective action sites under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and underground storage tank (UST) sites. Brownfields Road Map Website
Improving Site Investigation: A guide for property owners, buyers and sellers, attorneys, bankers,
insurance representatives, and their environmental consultants - Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association, A site investigation (SI) determines whether a property has been affected by chemical contamination and whether the contamination is at levels that require cleanup under state regulations. The concepts promoted in this brochure may or may not be required by state regulations. However, following the 4C's (comprehensive planning at the beginning of the project, collection of sufficient data, both on and off the property, clear reporting about what was done and why, and compliance with state Site Investigation report requirements) is more likely to result in a project that moves through the system faster and is more resource-efficient for all involved - responsible parties, consultants, and state regulators. Improving Site Investigation: A guide for property owners, buyers and sellers, attorneys, bankers,
insurance representatives, and their environmental consultants(384 KB)
Improving Soil Investigations at Brownfield Sites Using a Flexible Work Strategy and Screening Methods Inspired by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Triad Approach -
Christian Maurice et al., This paper compares the Triad and the present Swedish brownfield investigation strategy; discusses how uncertainties regarding the nature and levels of pollution can be
estimated and addressed by means of sample size and measurement times; and highlights the possibilities of using several toxicity tests to identify the risk carrying soil
fraction and to determine their potential as screening methods. Improving Soil Investigations at Brownfield Sites Using a Flexible Work Strategy and Screening Methods Inspired by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Triad Approach(4.75 MB)
Management and Interpretation of Data Under a Triad Approach - Technology Bulletin - USEPA, The Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center (BTSC) created this bulletin to focus on implementing a data management program for a Triad project. It includes a brief introduction to the Triad approach, answers to frequently asked questions about data management on Triad projects, three examples of data management with state agencies as the primary regulatory body, and sources of additional information for project teams and stakeholders who develop or provide input on a data management. Management and Interpretation of Data Under a Triad Approach - Technology Bulletin(717 KB)
Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments - USEPA EPA 540-R-98-038, This document servers to inform Brownfields site managers of important quality assurance concepts and issues, providing general guidance for identifying the type and quality environment data needed to present a clear picture of the site's environmental conditions. Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments(1.4 MB)
Streamlining Site Cleanup in New York City - USEPA and NYC, The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center (BTSC) and the New York City (NYC) Mayor's Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) have jointly prepared this document as a technical transfer resource for organizations and individuals involved in the redevelopment of contaminated properties in NYC. This joint effort, supported by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC), advances the environmental cleanup goals of PlaNYC 2030, the city's comprehensive sustainability plan. The purpose of this document is to present how Triad Approach best management practices (BMP) for site investigation and remediation advance EPA's and NYC Mayor's Office initiatives in the areas of community revitalization and Brownfields redevelopment. Streamlining Site Cleanup in New York City(6.6 MB)
Use of Dynamic Work Strategies Under a Triad Approach for Site Assessment and Cleanup - Technology Bulletin, This nine page bulletin presents an overview of using dynamic work strategies in Brownfields site assessments. Use of Dynamic Work Strategies(1.4 MB)
Conceptual Site Model
3d Solids & Parameter Modeling to Facilitate Triad-Compliant Rapid Site Characterization - Todd R. Kincaid, Kevin E. Day, and Roger Lamb, This paper discusses using a Triad approach that combines Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI), Soil Conductivity/Membrane Interface Probe (SC/MIP), and targeted soil and groundwater analytical sampling to aid in redevelopment analysis of a 13-acre property former oil refinery. A digital 3D site conceptual model was developed for the property using the EarthVisionTM software in order to more rapidly and effectively visualize and interpret the field data. 3d Solids & Parameter Modeling to Facilitate Triad-Compliant Rapid Site Characterization(1.21 MB)
CSM Checklist - Some may find this checklist tool, donated by an experienced practitioner, to be a helpful reminder of the types of topics that need consideration when developing a conceptual site model (CSM). CSM Items Checklist(60 KB)
CSM Engineer Manual - USACE, This is a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Manual (EM 200-1-12, December 2012) that provides guidance for developing CSMs for sites potentially containing munitions and explosives of concern (MEG), munitions constituents (MC), and/or hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste (HTRW) environmental contamination. CSMs are planning tools that integrate information from a variety of resources, evaluate the information with respect to project objectives, communicate issues and goals, and assess data needs. CSM development should be an iterative process over the site lifecycle to maintain a picture of current site conditions and evaluate needs for further data collection or actions. USACE Engineer Manual Repository
Environmental Cleanup Best Management Practices: Effective Use of the Project Life Cycle Conceptual Site Model - USEPA, This 2011 fact sheet summarizes how environmental practitioners can use conceptual site models (CSMs) to achieve, communicate, and maintain stakeholder consensus on site understanding, while satisfying the technical and quality objectives required for each stage of a cleanup project's life cycle. The focus is on defining stages and products of CSMs along with potential applications of CSMs in various stages of a project life cycle. Environmental agencies and programs may find it useful to encourage integration of a project life cycle CSM within their own program requirements and deliverable schedules. CSM Project Life Cycle(1.7 MB)
Triad Issue Paper: Using Geophysical Tools to Develop the Conceptual Site Model - USEPA, This 2008 technology bulletin explains how hazardous-waste site professionals can use geophysical tools to provide information about subsurface conditions to create a more representative conceptual site model (CSM). Geophysical methods are investigative techniques for measuring and interpreting the physical properties of subsurface materials to determine geological conditions and the presence of man-made items. Geophysical Tools to Develop the CSM(930 KB)
Overview Best Management Practices
Advancing Best Management Practices: Applying the Triad Approach in the Superfund Program - USEPA, This EPA memorandum requests Regional cooperation in the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation's (OSRTI) effort to expand the use of the Triad approach to save time and money in the Superfund program where appropriate. Specifically, OSRTI is asking each Region to name a staff contact to serve as the Superfund Regional Triad Lead, who would coordinate ongoing and future Triad efforts in their Region and serve on a new Superfund Triad Workgroup, and to nominate at least two Superfund sites at which to initiate use of the complete Triad process during FY 2007. Advancing Best Management Practices: Applying the Triad Approach in the Superfund Program(941 KB)
Best Management Practices: Use of Systematic Project Planning Under a Triad Approach for Site Assessment and Cleanup - USEPA-OSWER, The document explains how systematic project planning (SPP), a comprehensive planning process for environmental cleanup projects, can be used to plan and execute projects more
effectively to achieve the often diverse strategic objectives of all stakeholders, while satisfying the specific technical and quality objectives required for each stage of a
project life cycle. Best Management Practices: Use of Systematic Project Planning Under a Triad Approach for Site Assessment and Cleanup(1.16 MB)
Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to Support Modernization of Site Cleanup Practice - USEPA, Systematic planning is critical to successful site characterization and cleanup. EPA's 'DQO process' has been around for many years, and 'DQO' terminology is used extensively. However, common DQO-related terms are often used in ambiguous or contradictory ways, creating confusion about how these terms are to be understood. This paper descriptively and concretely clarifies DQO terminology within the context of contaminated site activities. Clarifying DQO Terminology Paper(190 KB)
Demonstrations of Method Applicability under a Triad Approach for Site Assessment and Cleanup - Technology Bulletin - USEPA, Implementing a dynamic work strategy generally requires real-time data collection. How do you know whether the real-time sampling and analytical methods you plan to use are going to work? As described in this 2008 bulletin, a "demonstration of methods applicability" (DMA) is a best management practice that gathers a wealth of information that can be used to refine the main field effort for maximum efficiency. DMAs are small investments that pay off big by avoiding failure of the main field effort. DMAs make sure the analytical budget is not wasted because unanticipated matrix interferences ruin the analytical data. DMAs can uncover unforeseen procedural glitches that could hold up the entire deployed team until worked out, or resolve key CSM uncertainties governing sampling design. DMA Bulletin(1.0 MB)
Fact Sheet Describing the Triad Approach - USEPA, The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) supports the adoption of streamlined approaches to sampling, analysis, and data management activities conducted during site assessment, characterization, and cleanup. This position reflects the growing trend towards using smarter, faster, and better technologies and work strategies. EPA is coordinating with other federal and state agencies to educate regulators, practitioners, site owners, and others involved in site cleanup decisions about the benefits of a streamlined approach. Ultimately, EPA expects to institutionalize these newer approaches and anticipates that the principles will guide the way data are collected and analyzed for future site cleanup decisions. Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and Cleanup(128 KB)
Guidance on Systematic Planning using the Data Quality Objectives Process (QA/G-4) - USEPA, This is EPA's official DQO guidance. EPA policy specifies that a structured form of systematic project planning be used for site characterization and cleanup. The DQO process is offered as one such planning process, but EPA does not specifically require the DQO process to be used. Other structured planning processes are acceptable, such as the USACE TPP process above. Repository of EPA's Quality-related Guidance Documents
ITRC Technical/Regulatory Guidelines: Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for Environmental Project Management - ITRC, The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring (SCM) Team has prepared a guidance document for the Triad approach. It introduces the Triad approach as an integrated package of concepts leading to modernized practices for how contaminated site work is conducted. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for Environmental Project Management(1.1 MB)
Project Planning Engineer Manual - USACE, This U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Manual (EM 200-1-2, August 1998) describes the USACE systematic project planning process, Technical Project Planning (TPP), which serves the same purpose as EPA’s DQO process. The TPP process can be used from investigation through closeout at small, simple sites as well as large, complex sites. TPP complies with the USACE quality management system and the American National Standard for planning the collection and evaluation of environmental data. USACE Engineer Manual Repository
Use of Dynamic Work Strategies Under a Triad Approach for Site Assessment and Cleanup - Technology Bulletin - USEPA, A dynamic work strategy (DWS) is a best management practice that requires an experienced practitioner. DWS benefits include faster and more accurate identification of the problem, and real-time remedy refinement to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Together with DMAs (see the entry directly below), DWSs can eliminate the frustrating, wasteful "do-overs" required when static work plans turn out to have focused on the wrong issue or in the wrong place, or failed to fill known data gaps and created new ones. This 2005 bulletin focuses on DWSs planning and implementation. It addresses frequently asked questions and illustrates concepts with two case examples: a former power plant in Connecticut and a planned greenway in New Jersey. Using Dynamic Work Strategies(1.3 MB)
Project Planning: Guidance for Writing Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs) for Environmental Data Collection
EPA Requirements for QA Project Plans (QA/R-5) - USEPA, This document explains what is required to be included in QAPPs prepared for data collection activities conducted by or funded by EPA. EPA Requirements for QA Project Plans (QA/R-5)(121 KB)
Information covering a wide range of sample collection for a wide range of environmental media - US Navy, This manual provides basic guidance for working-level environmental field sampling personnel for a wide range of matrices under a variety of regulatory authorities, including various types of water, soil and sediment. It also describes the systematic planning process for data collection and preparation of work planning documents. Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual(3.8 MB)
QAPP-related materials supporting the Uniform Federal Policy (UFP) effort - EPA, DoD and DOE, Multiple agencies collaborated to design a Uniform Federal Policy (UFP) Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) format that could be used in all types of contaminated site investigations and cleanup projects. The Workbook contains worksheets that provide prompts about what information (and at what level of detail) is needed to complete a QAPP. Fillable worksheets are the MSWord file. Part 2A UFP Workbook March 2005(290 KB) Part 2A UFP-QAPP MSWord Workbook.doc(149 KB)
Completing a UFP-QAPP ensures that all requirements for QAPP content is met and that QAPP review can be done quickly. An overall QAPP checklist helps QAPP reviewers be thorough, yet efficient, while determining whether the QAPP meets the requirements spelled out in the EPA QA/R-5 document. Part 3 QAPP Review R5 Checklist May 2005(480 KB)
Guidance for Soil Incremental Sampling: Project Planning, Field and Laboratory Procedures - Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), Incremental sampling methodology (ISM) is a structured composite sampling and processing protocol that reduces data variability and provides an unbiased estimate of mean contaminant concentrations for a volume of soil called a decision unit (DU). It has specialized techniques for field collection and laboratory processing and subsampling that must be developed for site-specific application and written into the QAPP. For example, establishing the size of Decision Units (DUs) and the target soil particle size fraction are critical to a properly designed incremental sampling project. The planning process for incremental designs is covered in Section 3: Systematic Planning and Decision Unit Designation of the online ITRC ISM guidance
Sample Acquisition, Handling & Analysis
Documents related to sample acquisition and handling.
Analytical Technologies
Characterization and Monitoring Technologies - USEPA, This is an online encyclopedia of sampling and field analytic technologies used to characterize contaminated soil and groundwater. Characterization and Monitoring Technologies
EPA's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program, Site Characterization and Monitoring Technologies (SCMT) within the Advanced Monitoring Systems Center - USEPA, The ETV program provides credible third party testing of environmental technologies under the auspices of EPA. The Advanced Monitoring Systems Center of ETV evaluates site characterization and monitoring technologies through simulated field demonstrations. A summary "verification statement" and a more detailed report is prepared to describe the performance of each technology. Environmental Technology Verification Program Center Information Website
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) - USEPA, LIF is used to detect relative quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It can be used with a cone penetrometer test rig or a percussion hammer (e.g., Geoprobe) rig. LIF Website
Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) - USEPA, This EPA initiative is deploying emerging measurement and monitoring technologies in response to waste management and site cleanup program needs. A variety of reports and technology summaries are available. Note the site stopped being maintained in 2010. Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) Website
Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) - USEPA, This instrument detects volatile organics in the subsurface. It is used to provide relative
concentrations of chemicals not as a quantitative tool. It can be used with a cone penetrometer test rig or a percussion hammer (e.g., Geoprobe) rig. MIP Website
Field Organic Analysis
Report On SiteLAB UVF-3100 and cPAH RaPID Assay Demonstration of Method Applicability - Cybersense Biosystems Ltd, This document details the procedure for and results obtained during the demonstration of method applicability (DMA) conducted for samples collected from the Former Gasworks site. It was designed to evaluate the ability of two field analysis methods, RaPID Assay cPAH and SiteLAB UVF-3100. DMA Gasworks(237.01KB)
Summary Report on Demonstration of Method Applicability for PetroFLAG and RaPID Assay cPAH, PCB and BTEX - Cybersense Biosystems Ltd, This document summarises the results obtained during a set of demonstrations of method applicability (DMAs) conducted for samples collected from the RDRF Blessington site and spiked by Chemtest lab. The results for each tool along with detailed calculations can be found in the individual report for each tool. DMA Summary Organics Analysis(207.14KB)
X-Ray Fluorescence
Memorandum Fort Lewis Agreed Order RI Demonstration of Method Applicability Sampling and Analysis Plan Addendum Former Small Arms Ranges - USACE, This document presents the results of an applicability test for XRF and lead contamination. Ft. Lewis DMA Memo lead(1.18MB)
Remedial Action Rockwool Industries, Inc. Superfund Site Belton, Texas Demonstration of Methods Applicability Report - USEPA, This reports demonstrates the applicability of portable XRF equipment in delineating antimony, arsenic, and lead in soils. Rockwool Industries Report(560.88KB)
Confirmation Sampling
Guidance for Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites: Framework for Monitoring Plan Development and Implementation - USEPA, This USEPA guidance presents a framework for technically defensible monitoring plans for hazardous waste sites, written for site managers. It is intended for use at hazardous waste sites that have completed site characterization, risk assessment, and remedy selection and are in the process of implementing a removal action or site mitigation. Guidance for Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites: Framework for Monitoring Plan Development and Implementation(363 KB)
Sample Integrity & Preservation
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis - USACE, This "Strategies" document guides sample collection and handling procedures that minimize VOC losses from solid samples. The USACE document supplements existing guidance provided in SW-846 Method 5035, and addresses selected aspects of sample collection, handling, preparation, and shipment. A decision tree is also provided to guide the selection of high-level and low-level sample preservation methods. USACE Sample Collection and Preparation Strategies for Volatile Organic Compounds in Solids(60 KB)
Sample Support & Compositing
Composite Sampling: A Novel Method to Accomplish Observational Economy In Environmental Studies: A Monograph Introduction - G. P. Patil, et al., This 2011 Monograph is a comprehensive statistical account of composite sampling. Springer Website
Gy Sampling Theory in Environmental Studies. Assessing Soil Splitting Protocols. Journal of Chemometrics, 16, 321-328. - Gerlach, R.W., Dobb, D.E., Raab, G.A., & Nocerino, J.M., The heterogeneous particulate nature of soil samples can cause wide variability in analytical results if the subsampling and sample splitting procedures used are not carefully selected and controlled. This study demonstrates the ability of riffle splitting to minimize subsampling error, whereas grab subsampling, even after mixing, produced the worst data quality. Sampling variability was at least two orders of magnitude worse than the analytical method variability in this study. Gy Sampling Theory in Environmental Studies(223 KB)
Improving Laboratory Performance through Scientific Subsampling Techniques. Environmental Testing and Analysis. - Ramsey, C.A., & Shuggs, J., Subsampling must be performed correctly to ensure data representativeness. This published article describes some of the basic scientific principles that should be part of any subsampling protocol, whether performed in a fixed laboratory or as part of on-site analysis. Improving Laboratory Performance Through Scientific Subsampling Techniques(85 KB)
Sample Handling Strategies for Accurate Lead-in-soil Measurements in the Field and Laboratory - Shefsky, S., NITON Corporation, This paper focuses on the importance of fundamental error, a statistical consequence of particulate sampling. We discuss in quantitative terms the significance of fundamental error on the measurement of paint chip contaminated soils near a 400 ppm action level. On the basis of error estimates, we recommend that sample handling protocols control particle related errors by ensuring adequate sample size and sample definition, and by accomplishing sufficient particle size reduction and homogenization before subsampling. We discuss particle related errors and their effect on laboratory, field, and in-situ analytical methods. We recommend that quality assurance protocols aim to determine the overall measurement quality by evaluating error at all stages from sampling and sample handling through analysis. Sample Handling Strategies for Accurate Lead-in-Soil Measurements in the Field and Laboratory(104 KB)
Sampling for Analytical Purposes, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England - Gy, P., This is the first simple guide to Pierre Gy's method to be translated into English. Although Dr Gy's formula was originally developed for the sampling of solid material in mines, etc., the theoretical arguments are equally valid for the sampling of liquids and multi-phase media. This book is as interesting as a historical perspective as it is useful for the practicing modern day analyst. Wiley Publishers Website
Sampling Designs & Statistics
A Rationale for the Assessment of Errors in the Sampling of Soils - USEPA EPA/600/4-90/013, This document provides a foundation for answering two basic questions: How many, and what type, of samples are required to assess the quality of data in a field sampling effort (quality assessment samples)? How can the information from the quality assessment samples be used to identify and control sources of error and uncertainties in the measurement process? A Rationale for the Assessment of Errors in the Sampling of Soils(499 KB)
Assistance with Soil CSMs - USEPA, EPA's Soil Screening Guidance consists of 2 parts: 1) a User's Guide provides advice on the development of conceptual site models (CSMs) for contaminated surface and subsurface soils. Attachment A of the User's Guide provides template forms to help practitioners work through CSM development. 2) The Technical Background Document provides detailed science behind the recommendations in the shorter User's Guide. Soil Screening Guidance Website
Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance - USEPA, (December 1995), This EPA guidance describes variables related to representative sampling, such as site-specific conditions, sampling design, the CSM, and the techniques for collection and preparation of samples. There are 5 PDF volumes covering soil, water, waste, air and biological materials. Soil (PDF) (1.06 MB) Water (PDF) (1.57 MB) Waste (PDF) (959.23 KB) Air (PDF) (1.06 MB) Biological Materials (PDF) (787.08 KB)
UFP-QAPP Workbook - Intergovernmental Data Quality Task Force, The Intergovernmental Data Quality Task Force (IDQTF) has developed a Uniform Federal Policy (UFP) guiding the development of Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs). UFP-QAPP worksheets streamline the process of documenting the systematic project planning process and data collection plans. The UFP-QAPP Workbook contains the individual QAPP worksheets. A fillable Workbook in MSWord format and a 20-minute video answering common questions about the relevance of the UFP QAPP can be downloaded. The UFP-QAPP Manual and other UFP information can be accessed on EPA's website. UFP-QAPP classroom instruction in using the Workbook is coordinated through the Navy. Course delivery information is available. UFP-QAPP Fillable Workbook (480 KB) 20-minute video (245 MB) EPA's website Course delivery information
Visual Sample Plan (VSP) - USDOE, If appropriate to the CSM, statistical equations may be used to help design sampling plans. Visual Sampling Plan (VSP) is a user-friendly, interactive classical statistics-based calculator to determine the number of samples and aid placement of sample locations. The user must ensure that assumptions inherent to the statistical equations used are valid for the application. Data Quality Objectives Website
Sampling Technologies & QC
Direct Push
Enhanced Access Penetration System (EAPS) Report - USDOE, The Enhanced Access Penetration System (EAPS) drills through refusals to extend penetration depth. EAPS consists of four major components: (1) a Wireline CPT/Gas sampling probe and wireline soil and groundwater sampling system, (2) a small diameter air rotary drilling system, (3) environmental sensors that are used to detect and characterize contamination in both real and near-real time, and (4) an integral drill spoils collection and filtration system. Enhanced Access Penetration System (EAPS)(1.8 KB)
Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) - US Army ERDC, SCAPS technologies detect contaminants in both soil and groundwater in situ while simultaneously determining subsurface geophysical characteristics. This website describes applications and benefits of SCAPS technology and its availability through the USACE to conduct operational site characterization at government installations. Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) Website
Explosive Compounds
Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods For Explosives in Soil (Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper) - USEPA EPA/540/R-97/501, This issue paper provides guidance to project managers regarding field sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive compounds in soils. Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Soil(268 KB)
Field Sampling and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water (Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper) - USEPA EPA/600/S-99/002, This issue paper provides guidance to project managers on field sampling and selecting on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive compounds in water. Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water(246 KB)
Protocols for Collection of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and Testing Ranges for the Characterization of Energetic Munitions Constituents - USACE TR-07-10, This report summarizes the sampling strategies and designs that have been implemented for various types of military ranges, including hand grenade, antitank rocket, artillery, bombing, and demolition ranges. These protocols were developed during investigations on active ranges and primarily addressed potential surface source zones from which energetic residues could be migrating into surface and groundwater systems. Protocols for Collection of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and Testing Ranges for the Characterization of Energetic Munitions Constituents(1.19 MB)
Guidance on the Use of Passive-Vapor-Diffusion Samplers to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds in Ground-Water-Discharge Areas, and Example Applications in New England - USGS (Peter E. Church, Don A. Vroblesky, and Forest P. Lyford), This document describes the use of polyethylene-membrane passive-vapor-diffusion samplers for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bottom sediments of surface-water bodies in areas of ground-water discharge. Nine example applications demonstrate utility for understanding contaminant distributions and ground-water-flow patterns in discharge areas for CSM development and design of further characterization activities. Guidance on the Use of Passive-Vapor-Diffusion Samplers Full Report(9.2 MB)
ITRC Diffusion/Passive Samplers Resources and Links - ITRC, This website provides a centralized location for the posting and exchange of information on the development and use of diffusion/passive samplers. The site offers a good number of technical and information reports on diffusion/passive sampler technology, and also links to other useful information sources. The ITRC Diffusion/Passive Sampler Team is also promoting a national dialogue on regulatory issues associated with the appropriate deployment of these samplers and resulting data. ITRC Diffusion Sampler Information Center Website
Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers (PDB) for Monitoring VOCs in Wells - USGS, This website hosts reports summarizing the proper use of diffusion samplers in wells, and six case studies where the PDB samplers were tested under field conditions. USGS Water Resources of South Carolina Publication Website
Passive Samplers - USEPA, Passive samplers are point samplers that sample discrete intervals within a well. They include thief samplers (e.g., Snap Sampler, Discrete Interval Sampler), integrating samplers (e.g., Passive Flux Meter, GORE ®), and diffusion samplers. Passive Sampler Website
USACE Study of Groundwater Sampling Devices (Report) - USACE, CRREL, This report describes tests of five relatively new groundwater-sampling depth-discrete devices (the Kabis, HydraSleeve, Discrete Interval, Pneumo-Bailer, and USGS Passive Diffusion Bag [PDB] samplers) for a variety of analytes, including volatile organics, explosives, pesticides, and metals. Study of Five Discrete Interval-Type Groundwater Sampling Devices(1.9 MB)
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
A Data Integration Framework to Support Triad Projects - Because of the wide variety of decisions faced by site cleanup professionals, a constructive data quality framework must anchor data quality assessment in the specific needs of the decision-making process. This paper explores such a framework. This is a preprint of an article published in Remediation: The Journal of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Technologies & Techniques, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 21-37. The published reprint is available through http://www.interscience.Wiley.com/. Data Integration Winter Remediation Preprint(176 KB)
Chemical Quality Assurance for Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Projects - USACE, This USACE manual provides specific guidance, procedures, criteria, and tools for chemical implementation of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) HTRW Quality Assurance (QA) Program to ensure analytical data generated for all projects meet the criteria prescribed by the technical project planning (TPP) team. Chemical Quality Assurance for Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Projects(381 KB)
Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide, 2nd Edition - EPA/600/8-89/046, This document describes the complexities of adequate quality assurance for soil sampling aspects of environmental monitoring programs. Soil sampling aspects treated include sample site selection, sample collection, sample handling sample analysis, and interpretation of resulting data. Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide, 2nd Edition(1.7 MB)
Topical Papers on Environmental Data Quality - USEPA, Substantial costs are incurred to obtain and analyze samples. But, there are common pitfalls in the field and in the laboratory that can compromise the reliability of environmental data. These papers have been published by experienced environmental and laboratory professionals to help environmental regulators and practitioners avoid data quality problems. (These papers are from literature in the public domain, or are posted here with permission. Note that they are all pre-2000.) View Papers on Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Website
Subsample Support & Sample Preparation
Guidance for Obtaining Representative Laboratory Analytical Subsamples from Particulate Laboratory Samples - USEPA, This document provides general guidelines for obtaining representative samples for the laboratory analysis of particulate materials using "correct" sampling practices and "correct" sampling devices. However, this guidance is general and is not limited to environmental samples. The analysis is also not limited to the laboratory; that is, this guidance is also applicable to samples analyzed in the field. The information in this guidance should also be useful in making reference standards as well as taking samples from reference standards. Guidance for Obtaining Representative Laboratory Analytical Subsamples from Particulate Laboratory Samples(3 MB)
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis - USACE, This "Strategies" document guides sample collection and handling procedures that minimize VOC losses from solid samples. The USACE document supplements existing guidance provided in SW-846 Method 5035, and addresses selected aspects of sample collection, handling, preparation, and shipment. A decision tree is also provided to guide the selection of high-level and low-level sample preservation methods. USACE Sample Collection and Preparation Strategies for Volatile Organic Compounds in Solids(60 KB)
Sampling Designs and Sampling QC for Soils and Sediments
Includes guidance and information about statistical soil sampling designs, incremental-composite sampling designs, sample support, soil processing and subsampling, and Gy theory.
Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocols: Sampling Techniques and Strategies - USEPA Office of Research and Development, This 1992 170-page document explained in detail how Pierre Gy theories can be applied in the context of hazardous waste site investigations, and shows the historical development of soil sampling concepts. Topics covered include composite sampling, using increments subsampling to reduce data variability, using decision units (called "blocks" in the document), and geostatistics (which was new to the environmental field at that time). Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocols: Sampling Techniques and Strategies(2.2 MB)
Correct Sampling Using the Theories of Pierre Gy - USEPA Office of Research and Development, Pierre Gy improved the sampling and subsampling of heterogeneous particulate solids in the mining industry by defining seven causes of sampling error. His work also applies to managing matrix heterogeneity and data variability when determining contaminant concentrations in soil and sediment. This 1999 2-page fact sheet succinctly explains the seven types of sampling error. Correct Sampling Using the Theories of Pierre Gy(141 KB)
The Roles of Project Managers and Laboratories in Maintaining the Representativeness of Incremental and Composite Soil Samples - USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, This fact sheet explains how improved processing of soil samples to control the effects of soil heterogeneity will improve data quality and decision-making. It recommends application of incremental-composite sampling procedures in the laboratory to improve soil processing and subsampling precision. The Roles of Project Managers and Laboratories in Maintaining the Representativeness of Incremental and Composite Soil Samples(391 KB)
RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance - USEPA, This 2002 guidance is very useful for understanding how to sample soils and waste materials. An easy understanding of Gy principles is provided, along with discussion of the relationship between fundamental error and soil particle size and "representativeness." Sampling tools are also discussed. RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance(3.8 MB)
GY Sampling Theory in Environmental Studies. Assessing Soil Splitting Protocols. Journal of Chemometrics, 16, 321-328 - Gerlach, R.W., Dobb, D.E., Raab, G.A., & Nocerino, J.M., The heterogeneous particulate nature of soil samples can cause wide variability in analytical results if the subsampling and sample splitting procedures used are not carefully selected and controlled. This study demonstrates the ability of riffle splitting to minimize subsampling error, whereas grab subsampling, even after mixing, produced the worst data quality. Sampling variability was at least two orders of magnitude worse than the analytical method variability in this study. GY Sampling Theory in Environmental Studies. Assessing Soil Splitting Protocols. Journal of Chemometrics, 16, 321-328(223 KB)
Improving Laboratory Performance through Scientific Subsampling Techniques. Environmental Testing and Analysis - Ramsey, C.A., & Shuggs, J., Subsampling must be performed correctly to ensure data representativeness. This published article describes some of the basic scientific principles that should be part of any subsampling protocol, whether performed in a fixed laboratory or as part of on-site analysis. Improving Laboratory Performance through Scientific Subsampling Techniques. Environmental Testing and Analysis(85 KB)
Sample Handling Strategies for Accurate Lead-in-soil Measurements in the Field and Laboratory - Shefsky, S., NITON Corporation, This paper focuses on the importance of fundamental error, a statistical consequence of particulate sampling. We discuss in quantitative terms the significance of fundamental error on the measurement of paint chip contaminated soils near a 400 ppm action level. On the basis of error estimates, we recommend that sample handling protocols controls particle related errors by ensuring adequate sample size and sample definition, and by accomplishing sufficient particle size reduction and homogenization before subsampling. We discuss particle related errors and their effect on laboratory, field, and in-situ analytical methods. We recommend that quality assurance protocols aim to determine the overall measurement quality by evaluating error at all stages from sampling and sample handling through analysis. Sample Handling Strategies for Accurate Lead-in-soil Measurements in the Field and Laboratory(104 KB)
Sampling for Analytical Purposes, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England - Gy, P., This is the first simple guide to Pierre Gy's method to be translated into English. Although Dr. Gy's formula was originally developed for the sampling of solid material in mines, etc., the theoretical arguments are equally valid for the sampling of liquids and multi-phase media. This book is as interesting as a historical perspective as it is useful for the practicing modern day analyst. Sampling for Analytical Purposes, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England
Guidance for Soil Incremental Sampling: Project Planning, Field and Laboratory Procedures - Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), Incremental sampling methodology (ISM) is a structured composite sampling and processing protocol that reduces data variability and provides an unbiased estimate of mean contaminant concentrations for a volume of soil called a decision unit (DU). Numerous increments of soil (typically 30-100 increments) are combined, processed, and subsampled according to specific field and laboratory protocols. The sampling density afforded by the many field increments and the careful laboratory processing and incremental subsampling produces more precise and representative results than those produced by most discrete soil sampling plans. Guidance for Soil Incremental Sampling: Project Planning, Field and Laboratory Procedure
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis - USACE, This "Strategies" document guides sample collection and handling procedures that minimize VOC losses from solid samples. The USACE document supplements existing guidance provided in SW-846 Method 5035, and addresses selected aspects of sample collection, handling, preparation, and shipment. A decision tree is also provided to guide the selection of high-level and low-level sample preservation methods. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis(60 KB)
Specialized Procedures Available for Using Incremental Sampling for VOCs - ITRC, Routine incremental sampling cannot be used for VOCs because they would be lost during sample processing. An alternate technique is described for incremental sampling for VOCs in the ITRC's online ISM document in Section 5.4.2.
Information covering a wide range of sample collection for a wide range of environmental media - US Navy, This manual provides basic guidance for working-level environmental field sampling personnel for a wide range of matrices under a variety of regulatory authorities, including soils and sediments. It also describes the systematic planning process for data collection and preparation of work planning documents. Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual(3.8 MB)
Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manuals (Report No. 42 and Report No. 51) - USDA, Understanding the nature of soil is critical to collecting representative soil samples. These two documents provide the reader with a broad knowledge base encompassing, geomorphology, micromorphology, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, biology, and field and laboratory sample collection and preparation. USDA NSSC 2004 Lab Manual - Report 42 USDA NSSC 2009 Lab Manual - Report 51
Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection - USEPA, This 2002 guidance focuses on statistical sampling designs that are mostly applicable to soil. Using composite sampling designs for a variety of purposes: finding an average, finding hotspots, and estimating a proportion are described. Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection(1022 KB)
Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) for Metallic Residues Heterogeneous distribution of metallic residues in surface soil creates unique challenges for collecting soil samples that provide representative and reproducible results, particularly soil containing metal fragments at military training ranges. When the incremental sampling methodology (ISM) of EPA Method 8330B (SW-846) for energetic compounds was modified for metals, it was used successfully to analyze surface soils with metallic residues at active and inactive military training ranges. In most cases, ISM produced results more representative and reproducible than results from conventional grab sampling and analysis procedures for surface soils collected from small-arms ranges. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) for Metallic Residues(1.7 MB)
Demonstration of Incremental Sampling Methodology for Soil Containing Metallic Residues Demonstrations of a less costly sampling strategy for improved data quality for metal constituents in surface soils were conducted on one inactive and two active military training ranges: 63 incremental sampling methodology (ISM) and 50 conventional grab from Fort Wainwright, Alaska; 18 ISM and 30 grab from Kimama Training Site, Idaho; and 27 ISM and 33 grab from Fort Eustis, Virginia. The variability in metal concentrations as measured with replicate samples and evaluated using percent relative standard deviation (RSD) were less than 10% for all metals using ISM. In contrast, RSDs often were greater than 50% for conventional replicate grab samples. Calculated mean ISM metal concentrations were statistically greater than the mean for conventional grab samples. Demonstration of Incremental Sampling Methodology for Soil Containing Metallic Residues(8.0 MB)
Sampling Technologies and Techniques for Water and the Subsurface
Includes the topics of direct push sensors, passive groundwater samplers, and soil gas sampling.
Ground-Water Sampling Guidelines for Superfund and RCRA Project Managers - Yeskis, D. and Zavala, B., This EPA Ground Water Forum issue paper discusses how to choose the optimal sampling method and equipment for collections ground water samples and describes how differences in personnel, procedure, and equipment can all lead to variability in data results. Ground-Water Sampling Guidelines for Superfund and RCRA Project Managers(631 KB)
USACE Study of Groundwater Sampling Devices (Report) - USACE, CRREL, This report describes tests of five relatively new groundwater-sampling depth-discrete devices (the Kabis, HydraSleeve, Discrete Interval, Pneumo-Bailer, and USGS Passive Diffusion Bag [PDB] samplers) for a variety of analytes, including volatile organics, explosives, pesticides, and metals. USACE Study of Groundwater Sampling Devices (Report)(1.8 MB)
Information covering a wide range of sample collection for a wide range of environmental media - US Navy, This manual provides basic guidance for working-level environmental field sampling personnel for a wide range of matrices under a variety of regulatory authorities, including ground water, surface water, storm water and drinking water. It also describes the systematic planning process for data collection and preparation of work planning documents. Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual(3.8 MB)
Enhanced Access Penetration Systems (EAPS) Report - USDOE, The Enhanced Access penetration System (EAPS) drills through refusals to extend penetration depth. EAPS consists of four major components: (1) a Wireline CPT/Gas sampling probe and wireline soil and groundwater sampling system, (2) a small diameter air rotary drilling system, (3) environmental sensors that are used to detect and characterize contamination in both real and near-real time, and (4) an integral drill spoils collection and filtration system. Enhanced Access Penetration Systems (EAPS)(1.8 MB)
Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) - US Army ERDC, SCAPS technologies detect contaminants in both soil and groundwater in situ while simultaneously determining subsurface geophysical characteristics. This website describes applications and benefits of SCAPS technology and its availability through the USACE to conduct operational site characterization at government installations. Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
Passive Diffusion Samplers
Guidance on the Use of Passive-Vapor-Diffusion Samplers to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds in Ground-Water-Discharge Areas, and Example Applications in New England - USGS (Peter E. Church, Don A. Vroblesky, and Forest P. Lyford), This document describes the use of polyethylene-membrane passive-vapor-diffusion samplers for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bottom sediments of surface-water bodies in areas of ground-water discharge. Nine example applications demonstrate utility for understanding contaminant distributions and ground-water-flow patterns in discharge areas for CSM development and design of further characterization activities. Guidance on the Use of Passive-Vapor-Diffusion Samplers Full Report(9.2 MB)
ITRC Diffusion Sampler Information Center - ITRC, This website provides a centralized location for the posting and exchange of information on the development and use of diffusion samplers. The site offers a good number of technical and information reports on PDB sampler technology, and also links to other useful information sources. The ITRC Diffusion Sampler Team is also promoting a national dialogue on regulatory issues associated with the appropriate deployment of PDB samplers and resulting data. ITRC Diffusion Sampler Information Center
Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers (PDB) for Monitoring VOCs in Wells - USGS, This website hosts reports summarizing the proper use of diffusion samplers in wells, and six case studies where the PDB samplers were tested under field conditions. Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers (PDB) for Monitoring VOCs in Wells
Using Tree Cores to Understand the Subsurface
Analysis of the volatile organic compound content of tree cores is an inexpensive, rapid, simple approach to examining the distribution of subsurface volatile organic compound contaminants. Because the roots are exposed to volatile organic compound contamination in the unsaturated zone or shallow ground water, the volatile organic compound concentrations in the tree cores are an indication of the presence of subsurface volatile organic compound contamination. USGS 2008 Tree Core Sampling Report(2.6 MB)
Statistical Analysis of Contaminant Data
Includes EPA and other agency guidance and information about statistical sampling designs and the statistical analysis of data.
Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer's Guide (QA/G-9R) - USEPA, This provides general guidance for assessing data quality criteria and performance specifications for decision making. G-9R is a non-technical document that shows a report reviewer what constitutes an appropriate Data Quality Assessment (DQA), and how to recognize situations or reports where a DQA has or has not been conducted. Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewer's Guide (QA/G-9R)(259 KB)
Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Tools for Practitioners (QA/G-9S) - USEPA, This document can be considered the technical aspect of G-9R. The document is designed as a "tool-box" of useful techniques in assessing the quality of data. The overall structure of the document will enable the analyst to investigate many different problems using a systematic methodology. Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Tools for Practitioners (QA/G-9S)(2.4 MB)
Visual Sample Plan (VSP) - USDOE, If appropriate to the CSM, statistical equations may be used to help design sampling plans. Visual Sampling Plan (VSP) is a user-friendly, interactive classical statistics-based calculator to determine the number of samples and aid placement of sample locations. The user must ensure that assumptions inherent to the statistical equations used are valid for the application. Data Quality Objectives Website
ProUCL - USEPA, This free software is developed and maintained by EPA to assist data users to perform graphical and statistical analysis of data. ProUCL Software
Estimates of Sample Sizes Required for a Generator to Demonstrate a Waste Qualifies for Exemption Under HWIR - SAIC, EPA's Hazardous Waste Identification Rule (HWIR) sampling subteam requires estimates of the number of samples that a waste generator will need to take to demonstrate that a waste qualifies for exemption under the rule. In addition, the subteam is interested in the number of samples that will be required in subsequent testing to demonstrate maintenance of the exemption. Estimates of the number and frequency of sampling will be used by EPA for two purposes: (1) as inputs to cost and economic analyses in support of the proposed rule (e.g., for use in the supporting statement for the ICR and in the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)), and (2) to develop regulatory and preamble language for inclusion in the proposed rule. Estimates of Sample Sizes Required for a Generator to Demonstrate a Waste Qualifies for Exemption Under HWIR(120 KB)
RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance - USEPA, This 2002 guidance is very useful for understanding how to sample soils and waste materials. An easy understanding of Gy principles is provided, along with discussion of the relationship between fundamental error and soil particle size and "representativeness." Sampling tools are also discussed. RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance(3.9 MB)
Procedural Guidance for Statistically Analyzing Environmental Background Data - SWDIV & EFA WEST, This document is procedural guidance for conducting background statistical analyses in the state of California. Background chemicals are defined as either naturally occurring (nonanthropogenic) oranthropogenic (ambient), which are unrelated to Navy activities or operations, and should not be considered chemical releases. Many background chemicals are detected during routine sampling and analyses, and if incorrectly identified as chemicals of concern (COCs) can obscure investigations and confound cleanup strategies. Failing to distinguish between Navy releases and background conditions can unknowingly lead to targeting background chemicals for remediation or setting remediation target goals below background levels. These situations can result in costly and protracted site cleanup, and delay property transfer and reuse. Procedural Guidance for Statistically Analyzing Environmental Background Data(340 KB)
Handbook for Statistical Analysis of Environmental Background Data - SWDIV & EFA WEST, This document provides step-by-step instructions for conducting graphical and statistical data analyses and tests of hypotheses to identify contaminants of potential concern (COPC) at Navy installations throughout California. The methods described in this handbook are provided to implement the guidance in the Navy document, "Procedural Guidance for Statistically Analyzing Environmental Background Data" (Navy 1998). The Navy intends to implement the guidance in these two documents at all California installations. Such implementation will promote consistency throughout the Navy's Installation Restoration Program (IRP) and Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program to increase public and regulatory confidence in Navy cleanup activities. Handbook for Statistical Analysis of Environmental Background Data(588 KB)
Environmental Quality: Environmental Statistics - USACE, This document is intended to serve as a guide to project team members for the use of statistics in environmental decision-making. Environmental Quality: Environmental Statistics(13.8 MB)
Chemical Analysis of Contaminants and Analytical QC
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis - USACE, This "Strategies" document guides sample collection and handling procedures that minimize VOC losses from solid samples. The USACE document supplements existing guidance provided in SW-846 Method 5035, and addresses selected aspects of sample collection, handling, preparation, and shipment. A decision tree is also provided to guide the selection of high-level and low-level sample preservation methods. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling and Analysis(60 KB)
Chemical Quality Assurance for Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Projects - USACE, This USACE manual provides specific guidance, procedures, criteria, and tools for chemical implementation of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) HTRW Quality Assurance (QA) Program to ensure analytical data generated for all projects meet the criteria prescribed by the technical project planning (TPP) team. Chemical Quality Assurance for Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Projects(381 KB)
Field Analytical Technologies - USEPA, This is an online encyclopedia of sampling and field analytic technologies used to characterize contaminated soil and ground water. Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia Website
Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix Version 1.0 - USEPA, US Navy, This matrix is intended to provide comparative information on analytical and sampling technologies to ensure that project managers and site stakeholders are aware of the full-range of technology options available to them to assess and characterize contamination at their sites. Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix Version 1.0 Website
Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods For Explosives in Soil (Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper) - USEPA EPA/540/R-97/501, This issue paper provides guidance to project managers regarding field sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive compounds in soils. Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Soil(268 KB)
Field Sampling and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water (Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper) - USEPA EPA/600/S-99/002, This issue paper provides guidance to project managers on field sampling and selecting on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive compounds in water. Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water(246 KB)
Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) - USEPA, This EPA initiative is deploying emerging measurement and monitoring technologies in response to waste management and site cleanup program needs. A variety of reports and technology summaries are available. Note the site stopped being maintained in 2010. Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) Website
Method 1613, Revision B, Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution HRGC/HRMS - USEPA, Dioxin analysis has become very important since the Reference Dose (RfD) for dioxin was lowered by EPA in 2012. This method describes sample preparation and analytical QC for dioxin analysis of water, soil, and fish tissue samples. Method 1613, Revision B, Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution HRGC/HRMS(449 KB)
Statistics
A Rationale for the Assessment of Errors in the Sampling of Soils - USEPA EPA/600/4-90/013, This document provides a foundation for answering two basic questions: How many, and what type, of samples are required to assess the quality of data in a field sampling effort (quality assessment samples)? How can the information from the quality assessment samples be used to identify and control sources of error and uncertainties in the measurement process? A Rationale for the Assessment of Errors in the Sampling of Soils(499 KB)
EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 1 - USEPA, These two documents describe novel ways to use classical statistics to determine an average contaminant concentration: compositing and ranked sets. EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 1: Composite Sampling(914 KB)
EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 2 - USEPA, These two documents describe novel ways to use classical statistics to determine an average contaminant concentration: compositing and ranked sets. EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 2: Ranked Set Sampling(973 KB)
Making Data Meaningful: A Guide to Writing Stories About Numbers - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), This guide was prepared within the framework of the UNECE Work Session on Statistical Dissemination and Communication. It is intended as a practical tool to help managers, statisticians and media relations officers use text, tables, graphics and other information to bring statistics to life using effective writing techniques. It contains suggestions, guidelines and examples but not golden rules. This publication recognizes that there are many practical and cultural differences among statistical offices, and that approaches vary from country to country. Making Data Meaningful: A Guide to Writing Stories About Numbers(502 KB)
Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities - Unified Guidance - USEPA, This guidance contains a compilation of statistical methods recommended for groundwater monitoring at RCRA and other facilities. It provides comprehensive all
strategies for designing the statistical aspects of facility detection, compliance, or corrective action monitoring systems. Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities - Unified Guidance(7.3 MB)
Triad Tools
Conceptual Site Model—A conceptual site model (CSM) is a representation of the relationships among key site features that pertain to the decisions that need to be made.
Example of Preliminary Conceptual Site Model Report—These files make up the preliminary CSM for Operable Unit 4 of the CORNELL DUBILIER ELECTRONICS SUPERFUND site. The focus at OU 4 is the sediments, floodplains soils and surface waters of the Bound Brook in the vicinity of the former Cornell Dubilier facility property. The property, presently known as the Hamilton Industrial Park, is located at 333 Hamilton Boulevard in South Plainfield, NJ.
Decision Tool for Groundwater Cleanup of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes at DOE Sites—The objective of this project was to develop and test a decision tool and process to support responsible decisionmaking regarding alternative remedial approaches at sites containing groundwater contaminated with cVOCs. The cVOC Remediation Decision Tool (cVOC Tool) has been designed specifically to be useful at sites with any type of ongoing treatment, and to give fair consideration of all types of alternatives, including EA and MNA.
Sample Uncertainties Worksheets—Within the context of the Triad approach, the term "uncertainty" is used broadly to refer to things that are unknown or incompletely understood. Uncertainty associated with hazardous waste sites can be decision-related, model-related, analytical, sampling-related, or relational.
Systematic Project Planning—Systematic project planning (SPP) is the most important and universally applicable element of the Triad approach. Triad systematic planning is a common sense approach used to identify the decision that needs to be made to reach project goals, determine the uncertainty associated with the decision based on current site understanding, and develop methods for managing that uncertainty so that decisions can be made with acceptable levels of confidence.
Summary of the Triad Approach (38 KB)
ASTM International Standards Worldwide Website 
Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations (204 KB)
CSM Items Checklist (60 KB)
Part 2A UFP Workbook March 2005 (290 KB)
Part 2A UFP-QAPP MSWord Workbook.doc (149 KB)